| Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) was originally isolated from bovine brain in 1985. As an octapeptide, NPFF distributes ubiquitously among mammals. NPFF was initially recognized as an opioid-modulating peptide for its action in regulating opioid analgesic activity, however, later studies show that NPFF has important roles in regulating multiple biological processes, such as body temperature,
cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, gastrointestinal motility, feeding, anti-inflammation, immunomodulation, and neuroprotection. Currently,
NPFF is considered as a hormone-like neurotransmitter. Hence, a comprehensive understanding on NPFF bioactivity will be helpful for
not only the mechanism of NPFF in multiple physical roles but also the potential peptide drug development. In this paper, the latest advances in NPFF bioactivity are reviewed, especially its functions in neuroendocrine, immune regulation, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective. Moreover, the research trends for the future are prospected. |
