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重金属污染对生态环境和人类健康具有极大的危害，建立灵敏、快捷、高效的重金属检测方法具有非常重要的意义。现有的检测技术依赖大型仪器设备，在检测条件、时间以及成本上都有较高的要求，难以满足当前检测工作的需要。随着纳米技术的飞速发展，各种纳米材料不同于块体材料的优异特性被广泛开发，在化学和生物检测领域已有广泛的应用。本文主要综述了近几年来常用的几种纳米探针在重金属检测应用中的研究进展，并对各种纳米探针的特点及检测原理进行了阐述和总结。这些纳米探针包括半导体荧光量子点，荧光纳米粒子、金纳米颗粒等材料，由于他们独特的荧光特性、吸收特性、表面等离子共振（SPR）效应、表面能量转移（SET）效应等，在重金属离子检测领域有很大的应用前景。并且根据目前实际环境监测工作的需要，对基于纳米探针的检测手段进行了讨论和展望，旨在为重金属污染物检测研究的发展和进步提供参考。

英文摘要:

Heavy metal contaminants are harmful to both ecological environment and human health, so it is important and urgent to establish sensitive, fast and efficient methods for detecting heavy metal. The current detection techniques were established on the basis of large instruments, but the requirements on the detection conditions, time and cost are higher. So it's difficult to meet the needs of heavy metal detection. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, many nano-scaled materials have been widely used in chemical and biological analysis due to their outstanding properties different from the bulk materials. Herein, the developments of several commonly used nano-probes applied in heavy metal detection were reviewed, and the characteristics and detection mechanisms of these nano-probes were summarized. These nano-probes included semiconductor quantum dots, fluorescent nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles etc. They show great application prospects in heavy metal detection because of their unique fluorescent, absorption, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) properties and surface energy transfer (SET) properties. Moreover, these nano-probe-based detection methods are expected in terms of the current environmental monitoring demands, aiming to providing a reference for the development and progress of the heavy metal contaminants detection.

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